The best defence is not being there: avoidance of larger carnivores is not driven by risk intensity

Species interactions are key factors determining the distribution and structure of species assemblages. Owing to their central positions, mid-ranking mammalian carnivores involved in with numerous species, including competition for resources instances killing by higher ranking predators. Lethal can directly influence species’ demography. However, fear lethal interactions, or both may also affect when where individuals active (i.e. non-lethal interactions). Although differences body–size trophic overlap known predictors frequency on is uncertain. Through camera trapping, we studied between a small mesocarnivore (pine marten), potential killer intense competitor (red fox) moderate unlikely (Eurasian badger). We determined diel activity patterns degree spatial two seasons contrasting resource availability. Additionally, estimated effect larger carnivore detection rates pine marten rates. compared time intervals visits baited stations absence presence either carnivores. Our results consistent martens distributing daily maximize prey minimize risk aggression over scale. Pine responded immediate threat irrespective they pose taking 4–7 days longer re-visit station. Small-scale such as these enable coexist closely carnivores, yet it remains uncertain whether population incurs demographic cost through restricted access resources. Carnivore's risk-avoidance strategies could be harnessed protect interest. our suggest avoidance short-lived recurrent stimuli would necessary.